diff --git a/alembic/versions/001_initial_schema.py b/alembic/versions/001_initial_schema.py
index db2021f..462ee59 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/001_initial_schema.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/001_initial_schema.py
@@ -21,18 +21,25 @@ depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
 
 
 def upgrade() -> None:
-    # ── Enum types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    billing_tier = postgresql.ENUM(
-        "free", "pro", "power", "team", name="billing_tier", create_type=False
-    )
-    plugin_status = postgresql.ENUM(
-        "pending_review", "approved", "rejected", name="plugin_status", create_type=False
-    )
-    review_decision = postgresql.ENUM(
-        "approved", "rejected", name="review_decision", create_type=False
-    )
-    for enum in (billing_tier, plugin_status, review_decision):
-        enum.create(op.get_bind(), checkfirst=True)
+    # ── Enum types — idempotent creation via exception handling ───────────
+    op.execute("""
+        DO $$ BEGIN
+            CREATE TYPE billing_tier AS ENUM ('free', 'pro', 'power', 'team');
+        EXCEPTION WHEN duplicate_object THEN NULL;
+        END $$;
+    """)
+    op.execute("""
+        DO $$ BEGIN
+            CREATE TYPE plugin_status AS ENUM ('pending_review', 'approved', 'rejected');
+        EXCEPTION WHEN duplicate_object THEN NULL;
+        END $$;
+    """)
+    op.execute("""
+        DO $$ BEGIN
+            CREATE TYPE review_decision AS ENUM ('approved', 'rejected');
+        EXCEPTION WHEN duplicate_object THEN NULL;
+        END $$;
+    """)
 
     # ── users ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     op.create_table(
@@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("id", postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=False), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("email", sa.String(255), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("password_hash", sa.String(255), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("tier", sa.Enum("free", "pro", "power", "team", name="billing_tier", create_type=False), nullable=False, server_default="free"),
+        sa.Column("tier", postgresql.ENUM("free", "pro", "power", "team", name="billing_tier", create_type=False), nullable=False, server_default="free"),
         sa.Column("stripe_customer_id", sa.String(255), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("now()")),
         sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("now()")),
@@ -70,7 +77,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("id", postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=False), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("user_id", postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=False), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("stripe_subscription_id", sa.String(255), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("tier", sa.Enum("free", "pro", "power", "team", name="billing_tier", create_type=False), nullable=False, server_default="free"),
+        sa.Column("tier", postgresql.ENUM("free", "pro", "power", "team", name="billing_tier", create_type=False), nullable=False, server_default="free"),
         sa.Column("status", sa.String(50), nullable=False, server_default="free"),
         sa.Column("current_period_end", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("now()")),
@@ -125,7 +132,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("category", sa.String(100), nullable=False, server_default=""),
         sa.Column("price_cents", sa.Integer, nullable=False, server_default="0"),
         sa.Column("permissions", sa.Text, nullable=False, server_default="[]"),
-        sa.Column("status", sa.Enum("pending_review", "approved", "rejected", name="plugin_status", create_type=False), nullable=False, server_default="pending_review"),
+        sa.Column("status", postgresql.ENUM("pending_review", "approved", "rejected", name="plugin_status", create_type=False), nullable=False, server_default="pending_review"),
         sa.Column("s3_package_key", sa.String(500), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("install_count", sa.Integer, nullable=False, server_default="0"),
         sa.Column("avg_rating", sa.Float, nullable=False, server_default="0.0"),
@@ -157,7 +164,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("id", postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=False), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("plugin_id", sa.String(255), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("reviewer_id", postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=False), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("decision", sa.Enum("approved", "rejected", name="review_decision", create_type=False), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("decision", postgresql.ENUM("approved", "rejected", name="review_decision", create_type=False), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("notes", sa.Text, nullable=True),
         sa.Column("reviewed_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("now()")),
         sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("now()")),